Environmental Cost of War

Militarisation and Climate Change
	Military activities contribute to climate change, and climate change leads to war. Both militarisation and climate change lead to - Scarcity of food and other resources. Mass migration of people, leading to civil unrest. Increasing inequality and insecurity.
Greenhouse gas emissions
	Destroying infrastructure causes carbon emissions. The Gaza conflict has been especially damaging in this respect.
Military land use
Diego Garcia	Indigenous populations have been displaced from their homes by military bases and by military training needs. This especially impacts disadvantaged communities, e.g. Diego Garcia and the Marshall Islands.
Nuclear testing
	Nuclear testing has damaged the health of indigenous families and of military participants
Infrastructure destruction
	War has caused oil-fires and deforestation. Where centralised power stations are destroyed, they are replaced by domestic-scale diessel generators, with detrimental effects on the environment.
Fossil fuels
	The US Department of Defense is said to be the largest institutional user of fossil fuels in the world. See also the impact of UK armed forces. Military fuel use is exempt from international monitoring. In addition access to oil can trigger military conflict.
Oil spills
	Marine contamination may be caused by deliberate "scorched earth" policies or by the escape of oil from sunken vessels.
Depleted uranium (DU)
	Depleted uranium in munitions can become dispersed on impact, contaminating water and soil, and making the environment carcinogenic.
Pollution in the Stratosphere
	The principal military impacts are from chlorine and alumina particles and also particles from soot (also known as black carbon) in the upper atmosphere. Black carbon and alumina particles accumulate in the stratosphere - an important region for weather systems. Because they are minute, they can remain for 3 to 4 years. Chemical reactions involving chlorine and the surface of alumina particles impair the stratospheric ozone layer which protects us from harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun.
Herbicides
	Agent Orange defoliant and other herbicides, used by the British in Malaya and by the US in Vietnam, caused leaves to fall off trees. This was advantageous militarily but an ecological disaster in tropical forests, decimating wildlife. Stocks are hard to dispose of safely. Agent Orange also causes cancer. It has been used in Oregon with the approval of the US Forestry Service, where it is said to have caused illness and miscarriages. The Israeli Army has used herbicides to destroy Palestinian crops, removing potential shelter for Palestinian demonstrators near the border of the Gaza Strip.
Minefields
	Landmines, unexploded missiles, cluster bombs, etc., can make access to open country hazardous. Neither farmers nor cattle dare enter. Children cannot wander in. Despite record global investment in land mine clearance in 2017, exceeding $770 million worldwide, nearly 2,800 people were killed and thousands more injured by mines and other explosive remnants of war (ERW). Civilians, half of them children, accounted for 87% of all casualties. Over half of 62 countries known to have mine contamination are committed to the Mine Ban Treaty, also known as the Ottawa Treaty, but only four are on track to meet their clearance deadlines. At the current rate of mine clearance, some estimates suggest that it will take over 200 years to clear the world, at a cost of over $100 billion.
Radioactivity
	Radioactive discharges from nuclear submarines, including the hulks of disused vessels, will inevitably increase. Strontium-90 from nuclear weapon testing, nuclear waste disposal, reactor faults and nuclear transport accidents can displace calcium in the human body. Consequent radioactivity within the bones can cause bone cancer and leukemia.
Nuclear Winter
	It is feared that even a limited nuclear war, such as between India and Pakistan, might generate firestorm clouds of smoke, soot and dust in the upper atmosphere, reducing the solar radiation reaching the surface of the earth. This "nuclear winter" would reduce the temperature, destroy vegetation, decimate harvests, spreading starvation and disease. Earlier fears may have been exaggerated, but some still maintain that the danger of nuclear winter should be taken as seriously as the threat of global warming.
Contamination of water supplies
	Water contamination around military bases can contain harmful chemicals, very difficult to eliminate. High levels of perchlorate have been reported in breast milk and vegetables in areas close to NASA rocket launch sites. These have been attributed to rocket exhausts contaminating water supplies. Perchlorides have been linked to thyroid ailments, and would be especially dangerous to children.
Abuse of Animals
	Wild animals, farm animals and domestic pets have been among the victims of Agent Orange, napalm and land mines. Marine habitats are especially threatened by naval exercises. Animals are regularly subjected to military-related experiments, especially at the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory at Porton Down, Wiltshire.
The 1% Principle
	A report by the Oxford Research Group has established that even a 1% chance of a security risk materialising would be unacceptable to the defence establishment; so a tiny threat to our security would lead to more guns, more tanks more aircraft - "to make us safe"; and increased warnings of "threats" to justify more spending on arms. Compare this "1% doctrine" with the far greater risk of imminent climate catastrophe. Yet - In the UK total climate finance is only 3.1% of military spending. In the US total climate finance is only 0.2% of military spending. In Germany total climate finance is 22% of military spending. In Japan total climate finance is 18% of military spending. In China total climate finance is 13.6% of military spending.